Short Title

1.

This Act may be cited as the International Business Companies Act, 1984.

Interpretation

2.

(1)                  In this Act

"Articles" means the Articles of Association of a company incorporated under this Act;

"authorized capital" of a company means the sum of the aggregate par value of all shares with par value which the company is authorized by its Memorandum to issue plus the amount, if any, stated in its Memorandum as authorized capital to be represented by shares without par value which the company is authorized by its Memorandum to issue;

"capital" of a company means the sum of the aggregate par value of all outstanding shares with par value of the company and shares with par value held by the company as treasury shares plus

(a)     the aggregate of the amounts designated as capital of all outstanding shares without par value of the company and shares without par value held by the company as treasury shares, and

(b)     the amounts as are from time to time transferred from surplus to capital by a resolution of directors;

"Companies Act" means the Companies Act of the British Virgin Islands;

"continued" means continued within the context of Part VIII;

"court" means the Supreme Court or a Judge thereof;

"licence fee payment date" means the date on which the company licence fee is paid pursuant to the provisions of section 105;

"licence fee final payment date" means 30th April or 31st October in any year;

"member" means a person who holds shares in a company;

“Memorandum" means the Memorandum of Association of a company incorporated under this Act;

"person" includes a trust, the estate of a deceased individual, a partnership, or an unincorporated association of persons;

"person resident in the British Virgin Islands" means a person who ordinarily resides within the British Virgin Islands or carries on business from an office or other fixed place of business within the British Virgin Islands but does not include a company incorporated under this Act;

"Register" means the Register of International Business Companies maintained by the Registrar in accordance with subsection (1) of section 14;

"registered agent" means the person who is at any particular time performing the functions of registered agent of a company incorporated under this Act pursuant to subsection (1) of section 39;

"Registrar" means the Registrar of Companies appointed under the Companies Act and includes any other officer so appointed who acts, under the delegated authority of the Registrar pursuant to, section 207(6) of the Companies Act;

"securities" means shares and debt obligations of every kind, and options, warrants and rights to acquire shares or debt obligations;

"surplus" in relation to a company, means the excess, if any, at the time of the determination, of the total assets of the company over the sum of its total liabilities, as shown in the books of account, plus its capital;

"treasury shares" means shares of a company that were previously issued but were repurchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired by the company and not cancelled.

(2)                  A reference to money in this Act is a reference to the currency of the United States of America.

(3)                  A company that is incorporated under the Companies Act or under the laws of a jurisdiction outside the British Virgin Islands shall be a company incorporated under this Act if it is continued as a company incorporated under this Act in accordance with Part VIII and references in this Act to a "company incorporated under this Act" shall be construed accordingly.

(4)                  A reference in this Act to voting in relation to shares shall be construed as a reference to voting by members holding the shares except that it is the votes allocated to the shares that shall be counted and not the number of members who actually voted and a reference to shares being present at a meeting shall be given a corresponding construction.

(5)                  Unless otherwise defined in the Articles of a company incorporated under this Act, the expression "resolution of directors" means

(a)     a resolution approved at a duly constituted meeting of directors or of a committee of directors of a company, by affirmative vote of a simple majority or such larger majority as may be specified in the Articles, of the directors present at the meeting who voted and did not abstain; or

(b)     a resolution consented to in writing by an absolute majority, or such larger majority as may be specified in the Articles, of all the directors or of all the members of the committee, as the case may be;

but, where a director is given more than one vote in any circumstances, he shall in the circumstances be counted for the purposes of establishing majorities by the number of votes he casts.

(6)                  Unless otherwise defined in the Articles of a company incorporated under this Act, the expression "resolution of members" means

(a)     a resolution approved at a duly constituted meeting of the members of a company by the affirmative vote of

i.      a simple majority, or such larger majority as may be specified in the Articles, of the votes of the shares that were present at the meeting and entitled to vote thereon and were voted and did not abstain, or

ii.      a simple majority, or such larger majority as may be specified in the Articles of the votes of each class or series of shares which were present at the meeting and entitled to vote thereon as a class or series and were voted and not abstained and of a simple majority, or such larger majority as may be specified in the Articles, of the votes of the remaining shares entitled to vote thereon that were present at the meeting and were voted and not abstained; or

(b)     a resolution consented to in writing by

i.      an absolute majority, or such larger majority as may be specified in the Articles, of the votes of shares entitled to vote thereon, or

ii.      an absolute majority, or such larger majority as may be specified in the Articles, of the votes of series of shares entitled to vote thereon as a class or series and of an absolute majority, or such larger majority as may be specified in the Articles, of the votes of the remaining shares entitled to vote thereon.

Incorporation

3.

Subject to the requirements of this Act, the registered agent named in the Memorandum may, by subscribing to a Memorandum and to Articles, incorporate a company under this Act.

Restrictions on Incorporation

4.

No company shall be incorporated under this Act unless immediately upon its incorporation the company is an International Business Company.

Requirements of International Business Companies

5.

(1)                  For purposes of this Act, an International Business Company is a company that does not

(a)            carry on business with persons resident in the British Virgin Islands;

(b)           own an interest in real property situate in the British Virgin Islands, other than a lease referred to in paragraph (e) of subsection (2);

(c)           carry on banking or trust business, unless it is licensed under the Banks and Trust Companies Act, 1990;

(d)           carry on business as an insurance or reinsurance company, insurance agent or insurance broker, unless it is licensed under an enactment authorizing it to carry on that business;

(e)           carry on the business of company management unless it is licensed under the Company Management Act, 1990; or

(f)            carry on the business of providing the registered office or the registered agent for companies incorporated in the British Virgin Islands.

(2)                  For purposes of paragraph (a) of subsection (1), an International Business Company shall not be treated as carrying on business with persons resident in the British Virgin Islands by reason only that

(a)                 it makes or maintains deposits with a person carrying on banking business within the British Virgin Islands;

(b)                 it makes or maintains professional contact with solicitors, barristers, accountants, bookkeepers, trust companies, administration companies, investment advisers or other similar persons carrying on business within the British Virgin Islands;

(c)                 it prepares or maintains books and records within the British Virgin Islands;

(d)                 it holds, within the British Virgin Islands, meetings of its directors or members;

(e)                 it holds a lease of property for use as an office from which to communicate with members or where books and records of the company are prepared or maintained;

(f)                  it holds shares, debt obligations or other securities in a company incorporated under this Act or under the Companies Act; or

(g)                 shares, debt obligations or other securities in the company are owned by any person resident in the British Virgin Islands or by any company incorporated under this Act or under the Companies Act.

Effect of failure to satisfy requirement of Section 5

6.

(1)           Without affecting the operation of section 99, if a company is incorporated under this Act without having satisfied the requirements prescribed for an International Business Company under section 5, or if having satisfied the requirements it subsequently ceases to satisfy the requirements for a continuous period of more than 30 days, the company shall upon expiration of that period notify the Registrar of that fact.

(2)            A company that wilfully contravenes subsection (1) is liable to a penalty of $100 for each day or part thereof during which the contravention continues, and a director who knowingly permits the contravention is liable to a like penalty.

Personal liability

7.

Subject to section 74, no member, director, officer, agent or liquidator of a company incorporated under this Act is liable for any debt, obligation or default of the company, unless specifically provided in this Act or in any other law for the time being in force in the British Virgin Islands, and except in so far as he may be liable for his own conduct or acts.

Business objects or purposes

8.

A company may be incorporated under this Act for any object or purpose not prohibited under this Act or under any other law for the time being in force in the British Virgin Islands.

Powers

9.

(1)                  Subject to any limitations or provisions to the contrary in its Memorandum or Articles, this Act or any other law for the time being in force in the British Virgin Islands, a company incorporated under this Act has the power, irrespective of corporate benefit, to perform all acts and engage in all activities necessary or conducive to the conduct, promotion or attainment of the objects or purposes of the company, including the power to do the following:

(a)                 issue registered shares or shares issued to bearer or both;

(b)                 issue the following:

i.      voting shares,

ii.      non-voting shares,

iii.      shares that may have more or less than one vote per share,

iv.      shares that may be voted only on certain matters or only upon the occurrence of certain events, and

v.      shares that may be voted only when held by persons who meet specified requirements;

(c)                 issue common share, preferred shares, limited shares or redeemable shares;

(d)                 issue shares that entitle participation only in certain assets;

(e)                 issue options, warrants or rights, or instruments of a similar nature, to acquire any securities of the company;

(f)                  issue securities that, at the option of the holder thereof or of the company or upon the happening of a specified event, are convertible into, or exchangeable for, other securities in the company or any property then or to be owned by the company;

(g)                 purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire and hold its own shares;

(h)                 guarantee a liability or obligation of any person and to secure any of its obligations by mortgage, pledge or other charge, of any of its assets for that purpose;

(i)                   protect the assets of the company for the benefit of the company, its creditors and its members, and at the discretion of the directors, for any person having a direct or indirect interest in the company; and

(j)                   issue shares in any one or more currencies.

(2)                  For purposes of paragraph (i) of subsection (1), notwithstanding any other provision of this Act or of any other law for the time being in force in the British Virgin Islands or any rule of law to the contrary, the directors may cause the company to transfer any of its assets in trust to one or more trustees, to any company, association, partnership, foundation or similar entity; and, with respect to the transfer, the directors may provide that the company, its creditors, its members or any person having a direct or indirect interest in the company or any of them, may be the beneficiaries, creditors, members, certificate holders, partners or holders of any other similar interest.

(3)                  The rights or interest of any existing or subsequent creditor of the company in any assets of the company are not affected by any transfer under subsection (2), and those rights or interest may be pleaded against any transferee in any such transfer.

Validity of acts of company

10.

(1)                  No act of a company incorporated under this Act and no transfer of real or personal property by or to a company so incorporated is invalid by reason only of the fact that the company was without capacity or power to perform the act, or to transfer or receive the property, but the lack of capacity or power may be pleaded in the following cases:

(a)                 in proceedings by a member against the company to prohibit the performance of any act or the transfer of real or personal property by or to the company; or

(b)                 in proceedings by the company, whether acting directly or through a receiver, trustee, or other legal representative, or through members in a derivative action, against the incumbent or former directors of the company for loss or damage due to their unauthorized act.

(2)                  For purposes of paragraph (a) of subsection (1), the court may set aside and prohibit the performance of a contract if

(a)                 the unauthorized act or transfer sought to be set aside or prohibited is being, or is to be, performed or made under any contract to which the company is a party;

(b)                 all the parties to the contract are parties to the proceedings; and

(c)                 it appears fair and reasonable to set aside or prohibit the performance of the contract;

and in so doing the court may, in applying this subsection, award to the company or to the other parties to the contract such compensation as may be reasonable except that in determining the amount of compensation the court shall not take into account anticipated profits to be derived from the performance of the contract.

Name

11.

(1)           The word "Limited", "Corporation", "Incorporated", "Societe Anonyme" or "Sociedad Anonima" or the abbreviation "Ltd", "Corp", "Inc" or "S.A."  must be part of the name of every company incorporated under this Act, but a company may use and may be legally designated by either the full or the abbreviated form.

(2)             No company shall be incorporated under this Act under a name that

(a)           is identical with that under which a company in existence is already incorporated under this Act or registered under the Companies Act or so nearly resembles the name as to be calculated to deceive, except where the company in existence gives its consent; or

(b)           contains the words "Assurance", "Bank", "Building Society", "Chamber of Commerce", "Chartered", "Cooperative", ""Imperial", "Insurance", "Municipal", "Royal", "Trust Company", "Trustee Company" or a word conveying a similar meaning, or any other word that, in the opinion of the Registrar, suggests or is calculated to suggest

(i)            the patronage of Her Majesty or that of a member of the Royal Family; or

(ii)           a connection with Her Majesty's Government or a department thereof; or

(iii)          a connection with a municipality or other local authority or with a society or body incorporated by Royal Charter;

except with the approval of the Registrar in writing;

(c)           is indecent, offensive or, in the opinion of the Registrar, objectionable.

(3)             A company may amend its Memorandum to change its name.

(4)           If a company is incorporated under a name that

(a)           is identical with a name under which a company in existence was incorporated under this Act or registered under the Companies Act, or

(b)           so nearly resembles the name as to be calculated to deceive;

the Registrar may, without the consent of the company in existence, give notice to the last registered company to change its name and if it fails to do so within 60 days from the date of the notice, the Registrar must amend the Memorandum of the company to change its name to such name as the Registrar deems appropriate, and the Registrar must publish notice of the change in the Gazette.

(5)           Subject to subsections (2) and (4), where a company changes its name, the Registrar must enter the new name on the Register in place of the former name, and must issue a certificate of incorporation indicating the change of name.

(6)           A change of name does not affect any rights or obligations of a company, or render defective any legal proceedings by or against a company, and all legal proceedings that have been commenced against a company by its former name may be continued against it by its new name.

(7)            Subject to subsection (2) the Registrar may, upon a request made by any person, reserve for 90 days a name for future adoption by a company under this Act.

Memorandum

12.

(1)           The Memorandum must include

(a)           the name of the company;

(b)           the address within the British Virgin Islands of the registered office of the company;

(c)           the name and address within the British Virgin Islands of the registered agent of the company;

(d)           the objects or purposes for which the company is to be incorporated;

(e)           the currency in which shares in the company shall be issued;

(f)            a statement of the authorized capital of the company setting forth the aggregate of the par value of all shares with par value that the company is authorized to issue and the amount, if any, to be represented by shares without par value that the company is authorized to issue;

(g)           a statement of the number of classes and series of shares, the number of shares of each such class and series and the par value of shares with par value and that shares may be without par value, if that is the case;

(h)           a statement of the designations, powers, preferences and rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of each class and series of shares that the company is authorized to issue, unless the directors are to be authorized to fix any such designations, powers, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations and restrictions, and in that case, an express grant of such authority as may be desired to grant to the directors to fix by a resolution any such designations, powers, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations and restrictions that have not been fixed by the Memorandum;

(i)            a statement of the number of shares to be issued as registered shares and the number of shares to be issued as shares issued to bearer, unless the directors are authorized to determine at their discretion whether shares are be issued as registered shares or to bearer, and in that case an express grant of such authority as may be desired must be given to empower the directors to issue shares as registered shares or to bearer as they may determine by resolution of directors;

(j)            whether registered shares may be exchanged for shares issued to bearer and whether shares issued to bearer may be exchanged for registered shares;

(k)           if shares issued to bearer are authorized to be issued, the manner in which a required notice to members is to be given to the holders of shares issued to bearer; and

(l)            a statement that the company may not carry on the activities set forth in subsection (1) of section 5 which statement shall set forth verbatim the activities described in that subsection, unless it is licensed to carry out any of the activities referred to in that subsection.

(2)           For purposes of paragraph (d) of subsection (1), if the Memorandum contains a statement either alone or with other objects or purposes that the object or purpose of the company is to engage in any act or activity that is not prohibited under any law for the time being in force in the British Virgin Islands, the effect of that statement is to make all acts and activities that are not illegal part of the objects or purposes of the company, subject to any limitations in the Memorandum.

(3)           The Memorandum must be subscribed by the registered agent named in the Memorandum in the presence of another person who must sign his name as a witness.

(4)            The Memorandum, when registered, binds the company and its members from time to time to the same extent as if each member had subscribed his name and affixed his seal thereto and as if there were contained in the Memorandum, on the part of himself, his heirs, executors and administrators, a covenant to observe the provisions of the Memorandum, subject to this Act.

Articles

13.

(1)           The Memorandum, when submitted for registration, must be accompanied by Articles prescribing regulations for the company.

(2)           The Articles must be subscribed by the registered agent named in the Memorandum in the presence of another person who must sign his name as a witness.

(3)            The Articles, when registered, bind the company and its members from time to time to the same extent as if each member had subscribed his name and affixed his seal thereto and as if there were contained in the Articles, on the part of himself, his heirs, executors and administrators, a covenant to observe the provisions of the Articles, subject to this Act.

Registration

14.

(1)           The Registrar shall not register the Memorandum or the Articles delivered to him unless he is satisfied that all requirements of this Act in respect of registration have been complied with and

(a)           a solicitor engaged in the formation of the company; or

(b)           the registered agent named in the Memorandum of the company to be registered agent,

certifies in writing that the requirements of this Act in respect of registration have been complied with and the written certification delivered to the Registrar is sufficient evidence of compliance.

(2)           Subject to subsection (1), the Registrar shall retain and register the Memorandum and Articles submitted to him in a Register to be maintained by him to be known as the Register of International Business Companies.

(3)           Upon the registration of the Memorandum and the Articles, the Registrar shall issue a certificate of incorporation under his hand and seal certifying that the company is incorporated.

Certificate of Incorporation

15.

(1)           Upon the issue by the Registrar of a certificate of incorporation of a company, the company is, from the date shown on the certificate of incorporation, a body corporate under the name contained in the Memorandum with the full capacity of an individual who is sui juris.

(2)           A certificate of incorporation of a company incorporated under this Act issued by the Registrar is prima facie evidence of compliance with all requirements of this Act in respect of incorporation.

Amendment of Memorandum and Articles

16.

(1)           Subject to any limitation in its Memorandum or Articles, a company incorporated under this Act may amend its Memorandum or Articles by a resolution of members or, where permitted by its Memorandum or Articles or by this Act, by a resolution of directors.

(2)           A company that amends its Memorandum or Articles must submit to the Registrar an extract of the resolution of members or the resolution of directors amending the Memorandum or Articles, as the case may be, certified as a true copy of the resolution amending the Memorandum or Articles by

(a)           the solicitor engaged in advising the company; or

(b)           the registered agent named in the Memorandum of the company,

and the Registrar must retain and register the certified copy of the extract of the resolution.

(3)           An amendment to the Memorandum or Articles has effect from the time the amendment is registered by the Registrar.

(4)            A company that wilfully contravenes subsection (2) is liable to a penalty of $50 for each day or part thereof during which the contravention continues, and a director who knowingly permits the contravention is liable to a like penalty.

Copies of Memorandum and Articles to Members

17.

A copy of the Memorandum and a copy of the Articles must be given to any member who requests a copy on payment by the member of such amount as the director may determine to be reasonably necessary to defray the costs of preparing and furnishing them.

Power to allot shares

17A.

Subject to any limitations or provisions to the contrary in its Memorandum or Articles, the unissued shares and treasury shares of a company incorporated under this Act shall be at the disposal of the directors who may, without limiting or affecting any rights previously conferred on the holders of any existing shares or class or series of shares, offer, allot, grant options over or otherwise dispose of shares to such persons, at such times and upon such terms as the company may, by resolution of directors, determine.

Shares to be fully paid

18.

No share in a company incorporated under this Act may be issued until the consideration in respect of the share is fully paid, and when issued the share is for all purposes fully paid and non-assessable save that a share issued for a promissory note or other written obligation for payment of a debt may be issued subject to forfeiture in the manner prescribed in section 19A.

Kind of consideration for shares

19.

Subject to any limitations in the Memorandum or Articles, each share in a company incorporated under this Act shall be issued for money, services rendered, personal property (including other shares, debt obligations or other securities in the company), an estate in real property, a promissory note or other binding obligation to contribute money or property, or any combination thereof.

Forfeiture of shares

19A.

(1)                  The Memorandum or Articles, or an agreement for the subscription of shares, of a company incorporated under this Act may contain provisions for the forfeiture of shares for which payment is not made pursuant to a promissory note or other written binding obligation for payment of a debt.

(2)                  Any provision in the Memorandum or Articles, or in an agreement for the subscription of shares of a company incorporated under this Act providing for the forfeiture of shares shall contain a requirement that written notice specifying a date for payment to be made be served on the member who defaults in making payment pursuant to a promissory note or other written binding obligation to pay a debt.

(3)                  The written notice referred to in subsection (2) shall name a further date not earlier than the expiration of 14 days from the date of service of the notice on or before which the payment required by the notice is to be made and shall contain a statement that in the event of non-payment at or before the time named in the notice the shares, or any of them, in respect of which payment is not made will be liable to be forfeited.

(4)                  Where a notice has been issued under this section and the requirements of the notice have not been complied with, the directors may, at any time before tender of payment, by resolution of directors forfeit and cancel the shares to which the notice relates.

1.                                (5)          The company is under no obligation to refund any moneys to the member whose shares have been cancelled pursuant to subsection (4) and that member shall be discharged from any further obligation to the company.

Amount of consideration of shares

20.

(1)                 Subject to any limitations in the Memorandum or Articles, shares in a company incorporated under this Act may be issued for such amount as may be determined from time to time by the directors, except that in the case of shares with par value, the amount shall not be less than the par value; and, in the absence of fraud, the decision of the directors as to the value of the consideration received by the company in respect of the issue is conclusive, unless a question of law is involved.

(2)                 A share issued by a company incorporated under this Act upon conversion of, or in exchange for, another share or a debt obligation or other security in the company, shall be treated for all purposes as having been issued for money equal to the consideration received or deemed to have been received by the company in respect of the other share, debt obligation or security.

(3)           Repealed by No. 10 of 1990.

Fractional shares

21.

Subject to any limitations or provisions to the contrary in its Memorandum or Articles, a company incorporated under this Act may issue fractions of a share and unless and to the extent otherwise provided in the Memorandum or Articles, a fractional share has the corresponding fractional liabilities, limitations, preferences, privileges, qualifications, restrictions, rights and other attributes of a whole share of the same class or series of shares.

Authorized capital in several currencies

21A.

(1)                 The authorized capital, if any, of a company incorporated under this Act may be stated in more than one currency in which case the par value of the shares, if any, shall be expressed in the same currencies.

(2)                 The Registrar may issue guidelines with respect to calculation of fees payable pursuant to section 104 for companies with an authorized capital stated in a currency other than United States dollars.

Capital and surplus accounts

22.

(1)              Upon the issue by a company incorporated under this Act of a share with par value, the consideration in respect of the share constitutes capital to the extent of the par value and the excess constitutes surplus.

(2)              Subject to any limitations in the Memorandum or Articles, upon the issue by a company incorporated under this Act of a share without par value, the consideration in respect of the share constitutes capital to the extent designated by the directors and the excess constitutes surplus, except that the directors must designate as capital an amount of the consideration that is at least equal to the amount that the share is entitled to as a preference, if any, in the assets of the company upon liquidation of the company.

(3)                 Upon the disposition by a company incorporated under this Act of a treasury share, the consideration in respect of the share is added to surplus.

Dividend of shares

23.

(1)                 A share issued as a dividend by a company incorporated under this Act shall be treated for all purposes as having been issued for money equal to the surplus that is transferred to capital upon the issue of the share.

(2)                 In the case of a dividend of authorized but unissued shares with par value, an amount equal to the aggregate par value of the shares shall be transferred from surplus to capital at the time of the distribution.

(3)                 In the case of a dividend of authorized but unissued shares without par value, the amount designated by the directors shall be transferred from surplus to capital at the time of the distribution, except that the directors must designate as capital an amount that is at least equal to the amount that the shares are entitled to as a preference, if any, in the assets of the company upon liquidation of the company.

(4)                 A division of the issued and outstanding shares of a class or series of shares into a larger number of shares of the same class or series having a proportionately smaller par value does not constitute a dividend of shares.

Increase or reduction of authorized capital

24.

(1)                 Subject to any limitations or provisions to the contrary in its Memorandum or Articles, a company incorporated under this Act may amend its Memorandum to increase or reduce its authorized capital, and in connection therewith, the company may

(a)                 increase or reduce the number of shares which the company may issue;

(b)                 increase or reduce the par value of any of its shares; or

(c)                 effect any combination under paragraph (a) and (b).

(2)                 Where a company reduces its authorized capital under subsection (1), then, for purposes of computing the capital of the company, any capital that immediately before the reduction was represented by shares but immediately following the reduction is no longer represented by shares shall be deemed to be capital transferred from surplus to capital.

(3)                 A company shall, in writing, inform the Registrar of any increase or decrease of its authorized capital.

Division and combination of shares

25.

(1)                 A company incorporated under this Act may amend its Memorandum

(a)                 to divide the shares, including issued shares, of a class or series into a larger number of shares of the same class or series; or

(b)                 to combine the shares, including issued shares, of a class or series into a smaller number of shares of the same class or series.

(2)                 Where shares are divided or combined under subsection (1), the aggregate par value of the new shares must be equal to the aggregate par value of the original shares.

Character of a shares

26.

Shares of a company incorporated under this Act are personal property and are not of the nature of real property.

Share Certificates

27.

(1)                 A company incorporated under this Act must state in its Articles whether or not certificates in respect of its shares shall be issued.

(2)                 If a company incorporated under this Act issues certificates in respect of its shares, the certificates

(a)                 must be signed by two directors or two officers of the company, or by one director and one officer; or

(b)                 must be under the common seal of the company, with or without the signature of any director or officer of the company;

and the Articles may provide for the signatures or common seal to be facsimiles.

(3)                 A certificate issued in accordance with subsection (2) specifying a share held by a member of the company is prima facie evidence of the title of the member to the share specified therein.

Share register

28.

(1)                 A company incorporated under this Act shall cause to be kept one or more registers to be known as share registers containing

(a)                 the names and addresses of the persons who hold registered shares in the company;

(b)                 the number of each class and series of registered shares held by each person;

(c)                 the date on which the name of each person was entered in the share register;

(d)                 the date on which any person ceased to be a member;

(e)                 in the case of shares issued to bearer, the total number of each class and series of shares issued to bearer; and

(f)                  with respect to each certificate for shares issued to bearer,

                                                   i.      the identifying number of the certificate;

                                                  ii.      the number of each class or series of shares issued to bearer specified therein; and

                                                iii.      the date of issue of the certificate;

but the company may delete from the register information relating to persons who are no longer members or information relating to shares issued to bearer that have been cancelled.

(2)                 The share register may be in any such form as the directors may approve but if it is in magnetic, electronic or other data storage form, the company must be able to produce legible evidence of its contents.

(3)                 Repealed by No. 3 of 1988.

(4)                 A copy of the share register, commencing from the date of the registration of the company, shall be kept at the registered office of the company referred to in section 38.

(5)                 The share register is prima facie evidence of any matters directed or authorized by this Act to be contained therein.

(6)                 A company that wilfully contravenes this section is liable to a penalty of $25 for each day or part thereof during which the contravention continues, and a director who knowingly permits the contravention is liable to a like penalty.

Rectification of share register

29.

(1)                 If

(a)                 information that is required to be entered in the share register under section 28 is omitted therefrom or inaccurately entered therein; or

(b)                 there is unreasonable delay in entering the information in the share register,

a member of the company, or any person who is aggrieved by the omission, inaccuracy or delay, may apply to the court for an order that the share register be rectified, and the court for may either grant of refuse the application, with or without costs to be paid by the applicant, or order the rectification of the share register, and may direct the company to pay all costs of the application and any damages the applicant may have sustained.

(2)                 The court may, in any proceedings under subsection (1), determine any question relating to the right of a person who is a party to the proceedings to have his name entered in or omitted from the share register, whether the question arises between

(a)                 two or more members or alleged members; or

(b)                 between members or alleged members and the company;

and generally the court may in the proceedings determine any question that may be necessary or expedient to be determined for the rectification of the share register.

Transfer of registered shares

30.

(1)                 Subject to any limitations in the Memorandum or Articles, registered shares of a company incorporated under this Act may be transferred by a written instrument of transfer signed by the transferor and containing the name and address of the transferee.

(2)                 In the absence of a written instrument of transfer mentioned in subsection (1), the directors may accept such evidence of a transfer of shares as they consider appropriate.

(3)                 A company shall not be required to treat a transferee of a registered share in the company as a member until the transferee's name has been entered in the share register.

(4)                 Subject to any limitation or provisions to the contrary in its Memorandum or Articles, a company incorporated under this Act must, on the application of the transferor or transferee of a registered share in the company, enter in its share register the name of the transferee of the share.

(5)                 A transfer of registered shares of a deceased, incompetent or bankrupt member of a company incorporated under this Act made by his personal representative, guardian or trustee, as the case may be, or a transfer of registered shares owned by a person as a result of a transfer from a member by operation of law, is of the same validity as if the personal representative, guardian, trustee or transferee had been the registered holder of the shares at the time of the execution of the instrument of transfer.

(6)                 For the purposes of subsection (5), what amounts to incompetence on the part of a person is a matter to be determined by the court after having regard to all the relevant evidence and the circumstances of the case.

Transfer of bearer shares

31.

A share issued to bearer is transferable by delivery of a certificate relating to the share.

Seizure

32.

(1)                 Where a governmental authority, whether it is legally constituted or not, in any jurisdiction outside the British Virgin Islands

(a)                 by or in connection with a nationalization, expropriation, confiscation, coercion, force or duress, or similar action; or

(b)                 by or in connection with the imposition of any confiscatory tax, assessment or other governmental charge,

takes or seizes any shares or other interest in a company incorporated under this Act, the company itself or a person holding shares or any other interest in the company, including an interest as a creditor, may apply to the court for an order that the company disregard the taking or seizure and continue to treat the person who would have held shares or any other interest in the company but for the taking or seizure of the shares or other interest as continuing to hold the shares or other interest.

(2)                 Without affecting subsection (1), where a person whose shares or other interests have been taken or seized as referred to in subsection (1) is other than a natural person, the person making the application under subsection (1), or the company itself, may apply to the court for an additional order for the company to treat the persons believed by the company to have held the direct or indirect beneficial interest in the shares or other interest in the company as the holder of those shares or other interest.

(3)                 The court may, upon application made to it under subsection (1) or (2),

(a)                 grant such relief as it considers equitable and proper; and

(b)                 order that any shares of or other interest in the company vest in such trustees as the court may appoint upon such trusts and for such purposes as the court determines.

Acquisition of own shares

33.

(1)                 Subject to any limitations or provisions to the contrary in its Memorandum or Articles, a company incorporated under this Act may purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire and hold its own shares but only out of surplus or in exchange for newly issued shares of equal value.

(1A)        Subject to subsection (1), a company incorporated under this Act may not purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire its own shares without the consent of the member whose shares are to be purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired, unless the company is permitted to purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire the shares without that consent by virtue of

(a)                 the provisions of the Memorandum or Articles of the company;

(b)                 the designations, powers, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations and restrictions with which the shares were issued; or

(c)                 the subscription agreement for the issue of the shares.

(2)                 No purchase, redemption or other acquisition permitted under subsection (1) shall be made unless the directors determine that immediately after the purchase, redemption or other acquisition

(a)                 the company will be able to satisfy its liabilities as they become due in the ordinary course of its business; and

(b)                 the realizable value of the assets of the company will not be less than the sum of its total liabilities, other than deferred taxes, as shown in the books of account, and its capital;

and, in the absence of fraud, the decision of the directors as to the realizable value of the assets of the company is conclusive, unless a question of law is involved.

(3)                 A determination by the directors under subsection (2) is not required where shares are purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired

(a)                 pursuant to a right of a member to have his shares redeemed or to have his shares exchanged for money or other property of the company;

(b)                 by virtue of a transfer of capital pursuant to paragraph (b) (iii) of section 35 (1);

(c)                 by virtue of the provisions of section 83; and

(d)                 pursuant to an order of the court.

(4)                 Subject to any limitations in the Memorandum or Articles, shares that a company purchases, redeems or otherwise acquires may be cancelled or held as treasury shares unless the shares are purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired by virtue of a reduction in capital in a manner that would be a contravention of the requirements of section 35 (3), in which case they shall be cancelled but they shall be  available for reissue; and upon the cancellation of a share, the amount included as capital of the company with respect to that share shall be deducted from the capital of the company.

(5)                 A company incorporated under this Act may purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire the shares of the company at a price lower than fair value if permitted by, and then only in accordance with, the terms of

(a)                 its Memorandum or Articles; or

(b)                 a written agreement for the subscription for the shares to be purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired.

Treasury shares disables

34.

Where shares in a company incorporated under this Act

(a)                 are held by the company as treasury shares; or

(b)                 are held by another company of which the first company holds, directly or indirectly, shares having more than 50 per cent of the votes in the election of directors of the other company,

the shares of the first company are not entitled to vote or to have dividends paid thereon and shall not be treated as outstanding for any purpose under this Act except for purposes of determining the capital of the first company.

Increase or reduction of capital

35.

(1)                 Subject to any limitation in the Memorandum or Articles and subject to subsections (3) and (4), the capital of a company incorporated under this Act may, by a resolution of members or by a resolution of directors, be

(a)                 increased by transferring an amount out of the surplus of the company to capital; or

(b)                 reduced by transferring an amount out of capital of the company to surplus.

(2)                 Repealed by No. 3 of 1988.

(3)                 No reduction of capital shall be effected that reduces the capital of the company to an amount that is less than the sum of

(a)                 the aggregate par value of

                                                   i.      all outstanding shares with par value, and

                                                  ii.      all shares with par value held by the company as treasury shares; and

(b)                 the aggregate of the amounts designated as capital of

                                                   i.      all outstanding shares without par value, and

                                                  ii.      all shares without par value held by the company as treasury shares that are entitled to a preference, if any, in the assets of the company upon liquidation of the company.

(4)                 No reduction of capital shall be effected under subsection (1) unless the directors determine that immediately after the reduction

(a)                 the company will be able to satisfy its liabilities as they become due in the ordinary course of its business; and

(b)                 the realizable value of the assets of the company will not be less than its total liabilities, other than deferred taxes, as shown in the books of account, and its remaining capital;

and, in the absence of fraud, the decision of the directors as to the realizable value of the assets of the company is conclusive, unless a question of law is involved.

Dividends

36.

(1)                 Subject to any limitations or provisions to the contrary in its Memorandum or Articles, a company incorporated under this Act may, by a resolution of directors, declare and pay dividends in money, shares or other property.

(2)                 Dividends shall only be declared and paid out of surplus.

(3)                 No dividend shall be declared and paid unless the directors determine that immediately after the payment of the dividend

(a)                 the company will be able to satisfy its liabilities as they become due in the ordinary course of its business; and

(b)                 the realizable value of the assets of the company will not be less than the sum of its total liabilities, other than deferred taxes, as shown in the books of account, and its capital;

and, in the absence of fraud, the decision of the directors as to the realizable value of the assets of the company is conclusive, unless a question of law is involved.

Appreciation of assets

37.

Subject to any limitations or provisions to the contrary in its Memorandum or Articles, a company incorporated under this Act may, by a resolution of directors, include in the computation of surplus for any purpose under this Act the net unrealized appreciation of the assets of the company, and, in the absence of fraud, the decision of the directors as to the value of the assets is conclusive, unless a question of law is involved.

Mortgages and charges of shares

37A.

(1)                 A mortgage or charge of shares of a company incorporated under this Act must be in writing signed by, or with the authority of, the holder of the bearer share or the registered holder of the registered share to which the mortgage or charge relates.

(2)                 In the case of a bearer share, a mortgage or charge thereof is not valid and enforceable unless the certificate for the share to be mortgaged or charged is deposited with the mortgagee or chargee but the deposit of the certificate with the mortgagee or chargee shall not constitute a transfer of the bearer share, title to which shall only pass upon due compliance with the provisions of law governing realization of the security by the mortgagee or chargee.

(3)                 A mortgage or charge of shares of a company incorporated under this Act need not be in any specific form but it must clearly indicate

(a)                 the intention to create a mortgage or charge; and

(b)                 the amount secured by the mortgage or charge or how that amount is to be calculated.

(4)                 A mortgage or charge of shares of a company incorporated under this Act may be governed by the law of a jurisdiction other than the British Virgin Islands, but if a law other than the law of the British Virgin Islands is specified as the governing law

(a)                 the mortgage or charge must be in compliance with the requirements of its governing law in order for the mortgage or charge to be valid and binding on the company; and

(b)                 the remedies available to a mortgagee or chargee shall be governed by the governing law and the instrument creating the mortgage or charge save that the rights between the mortgagor or mortgagee as a member of the company and the company shall continue to be governed by the Memorandum and the Articles of the company and this Act.

(5)                 If no law is specified to govern a mortgage or charge of shares of a company incorporated under this Act, the instrument creating the mortgage or charge shall be governed by the laws of the British Virgin Islands and, in the case of a default by the mortgagor or chargor on the terms of the mortgage, the mortgagee or chargee is entitled to the following remedies:

(a)                 subject to any limitations or provisions to the contrary in the instrument creating the mortgage or charge, the right to sell the shares; and

(b)                 the right to appoint a receiver who, subject to any limitations or provisions to the contrary in the instrument creating the mortgage or charge, may

                                                   i.      vote the shares,

                                                  ii.      receive dividends and other payments in respect of the shares, and

                                                iii.      exercise other rights and powers of the mortgagor or chargor in respect of the shares,

until such time as the mortgage or charge is discharged.

(6)                 Subsection (5) also applies to a mortgage or charge of shares of a company incorporated under this Act where the law of the British Virgin Islands is specified as the governing law.

(7)                 Subject to any provisions to the contrary in the instrument of mortgage or charge of shares of a company incorporated under this Act, all amounts that accrue from the enforcement of the mortgage or charge shall be applied in the following manner:

(a)                 firstly, in meeting the costs incurred in enforcing the mortgage or charge;

(b)                 secondly, in discharging the sums secured by the mortgage or charge; and

(c)                 thirdly, in paying any balance due to the mortgagor or chargor.

(8)                 The remedies referred to in subsection (5) are not exercisable until

(a)                 a default has occurred and has continued for a period of not less than 30 days, or such shorter period as many be specified in the instrument creating the mortgage or charge; and

(b)                 the default has not been rectified within 14 days from service of the notice specifying the default and requiring rectification thereof.

(9)                 In the case of the mortgage or charge of registered shares there may be entered in the share register of the company

(a)                 a statement that the shares are mortgaged or charged;

(b)                 the name of the mortgagee or chargee; and

(c)                 the date on which the statement and name are entered in the share register.

Registered office

38.

A company incorporated under this Act shall at all times have a registered office in the British Virgin Islands, and the registered office must be an office maintained in the British Virgin Islands by the company or its registered agent.

Registered agent

39.

(1)                 A company incorporated under this Act shall at all times have a registered agent in the British Virgin Islands.

(2)                 No person shall be a registered agent unless he has been licensed as a registered agent under the Company Management Act or under the Banks and Trust Companies Act.

Repealed

40.

Repealed by No. 3 of 1988.

Register of Registered Agents

40A.

(1)                 The Registrar shall maintain a register of licensed registered agents in which the following details shall be recorded:

(a)                 the name of the registered agent;

(b)                 the address of the registered agent;

(c)                 the names of the individuals authorised to sign on behalf of any firm or corporation that is a registered agent;

(d)                 the date when the first license to act as a registered agent was issued pursuant to the Company Management Act, 1990 or the Banks and Trust Companies Act, 1990; and

(e)                 in a case where a registered agent ceases to be a registered agent,

                                                   i.      the date on which the registered agent ceased to be licensed, and

                                                  ii.      whether the cessation was due to failure to renew his licence, death or liquidation or revocation under the Company Management Act or under the Banks and Trust Companies Act.

(2)                 The Registrar shall, during the month of February in each year, publish in the Gazette a list of registered agents as appeared on the Register of licensed registered agents on 31st January in that year.

(3)                 Any change in the details kept by the Registrar in the register of registered agents pursuant to subsection (1) shall be notified immediately by the registered agent to the Registrar, and, upon payment of such fee as may be prescribed by the Governor in Council, the Registrar shall record the change in the register of registered agents.

(4)                 Where the registered agent of a company desires to cease to act as registered agent and the registered agent is unable to reach an agreement with the company for which he is registered agent concerning his replacement, the following provisions apply:

(a)                 the registered agent shall give not less than 90 days written notice to any director or officer of the company of which he is the registered agent at the director's of officer's last known address, or if the registered agent is not aware of the identity of any director or officer then the person from whom the registered agent last received instructions concerning the company, specifying the wish of the registered agent to resign as registered agent and shall together with the notice provide a list of all registered agents in the British Virgin Islands with their names and addresses;

(b)                 the registered agent shall submit to the Registrar a copy of the notice and list of registered agents referred to in paragraph (a);

(c)                 if, at the time of expiry of the notice, the company has not adopted a resolution to amend its Memorandum to change its registered agent, the registered agent shall inform the Registrar in writing that the company has not changed its registered agent whereupon the Registrar shall publish a notice in the Gazette that the name of the company will be struck off the Register, unless the company, within 30 days from the date of the publication of the notice in the Gazette, registers with the Registrar a copy of a resolution amending its Memorandum to change its registered agent; and

(d)                 if a company fails within 30 days from the date of the publication of the notice referred to in paragraph (c) to register with the Registrar a copy of a resolution amending its Memorandum to change its registered agent, the Registrar shall strike the name of the company off the Register and shall publish in the Gazette a notice that the name of the company has been struck off the Register.

(5)                 Where the licence of a registered agent has been revoked under the Company Management Act, 1990 or the Banks and Trust Companies Act, 1990, or if a registered agent dies or fails to renew his licence the Inspector of Company Managers or the Inspector of Banks and Trust Companies, as the case may be, shall, for the purpose of changing the registered agent of the company, communicate with each company for which the person whose licence has been revoked or who has died or has failed to renew his licence is the registered agent and the provisions of subsection (4) have effect mutatis mutandis for the purpose of providing the procedures for changing the registered agent.

(6)                 A company that has been struck off the Register under this section remains liable for all claims, debts, liabilities and obligations of the company, and the striking-off does not affect the liability of any of its members, directors, officers or agents.

Penalty for contravention of section 38 and 39.

41.

A company that wilfully contravenes section 38 or 39 is liable to a penalty of $25 for each day or part thereof during which the contravention continues, and a director who knowingly permits the contravention is liable to a like penalty.

Management by directors

42.

Subject to any limitations or provisions to the contrary in its Memorandum or Articles, the business and affairs of a company incorporated under this Act shall be managed by a board of directors that consists of one or more persons who may be individuals or companies.

Election, term and removal of directors

43.

(1)                 The first directors of a company incorporated under this Act shall be elected by the subscribers to the Memorandum; and thereafter, the directors shall be elected by the members for such term as the members may determine and where permitted by the Memorandum or Articles of a company incorporated under this Act, the directors may also elect directors for such term as the directors may determine.

(2)                 Each director holds office until his successor takes office or until his earlier death, resignation or removal.

(3)                 Subject to any limitations in the Memorandum or Articles

(a)                 a director may be removed from office by a resolution of members or by a resolution of directors; and

(b)                 a director may resign his office by giving written notice of his resignation to the company and the registration has effect from the date the notice is received by the company or from such later date as may be specified in the notice.

(4)                 Subject to any limitations in the Memorandum or Articles, a vacancy in the board of directors may be filled by a resolution of members or of a majority of the remaining directors.

Optional register of directors

43A.

(1)                 A company incorporated under this Act may keep a register to be known as a register of directors containing

(a)                 the names and addresses of the persons who are directors of the company;

(b)                 the date on which each person whose name is entered in the register was appointed as a director of the company; and

(c)                 the date on which each person named as a director ceased to be a director of the company.

(2)                 The register of directors may be in such form as the directors approve, but if it is in magnetic, electronic or other data storage form, the company must be able to produce legible evidence of its contents.

(3)                 A copy of the register of directors, commencing from the date of the registration of the company, shall be kept at the registered office of the company referred to in section 38.

(4)                 The register of directors is prima facie evidence of any matters directed or authorized by this Act to be contained therein.

Number of directors

44.

The number of directors shall be fixed by the Articles and, subject to any limitations in the Memorandum or Articles, the Articles may be amended to change the number of directors.

Powers of directors